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Analysis of the historical changes and social landscape of modern Confucian medical groups
Author: Sun Ming Ding Zhaojun
Source: “Research on Natural Certification Law” Issue 9, 2023
Abstract: Confucian medical practitioners are doctors with Confucianism, proficiency in medicine and disease diagnosis. They are the main figures in promoting the development of modern medicine in China. Through the assessment of the faces of the Confucian medical group during the historical period and the analysis of the social landscape that influenced this group of changes, it is believed that the historical changes of the modern Confucian medical group in China can be divided into four stages: the period of teaching and teaching (two Han), the period of the period of the period of the teaching and teaching (Wei Han and Southern and Northern Dynasties to Sui), the period of the diversion of the Confucian medical group (Tang Dynasty to Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms), and the period of the prosperous period of the Confucian medical group (Song Dynasty to Qing Dynasty). The important reasons that influence the changes in the Confucian medical community include the country’s policy system, the social position of Confucianism, the inheritance and popularization of medical knowledge, and the medical concept of time.
Author’s introduction: Baoqing.comSun Ming (1988-), from Baoding, Hebei Province, PhD student in the Department of Science and Technology History and Science and Archaeology of China. The purpose of the important discussion is: History of modern medicine in China; Ding Zhaojun (1973-), from Wuhe, Anhui Province, from China Science and Technology History and Science and Technology History and Science and Technology History and Science and Technology History and Science and Technology. Associate professor and doctoral supervisor of the Department of Science and Technology Archaeology, the purpose of important research and discussion: China’s history of science and technology
According to the differences in knowledge structure, theory level and medical methods, modern Chinese doctors can be divided into witch doctors, Taoist doctors, monk doctors, Confucian doctors and popular doctors, among which Confucian doctors have the most significant effect on promoting the development of medical science. Confucian medicine has both Confucianism and medical cultivation, and its excitement in the Song Dynasty prompted a change in modern Chinese medicine. In the 30th century, a famous medical historian praised the evaluation: “Chinese medicine was regarded as the Tang and Song dynasties as the world… Since the Song Dynasty, medicine has changed into a career of scholars and men, and it is more important than the world for non-Confucian medicine.” [1] 101 In recent years, Chen Yuanpeng pointed out: “In terms of the inheritance of traditional Chinese medicine, it can be roughly divided. The three stages of ‘witch doctor’, ‘Dao doctor’ and ‘Confucian doctor’… Since the Song Dynasty, ‘Confucian doctor’ has gradually become the mainstream of medical inheritance. “[2] The two have made a clear stage-by-stage plot for the development of China’s traditional medicine, pointing out that the Song Dynasty was the main turning point, and Confucian medicine became an important force for the development of medical science after the Song Dynasty.
Confucian medicine and Confucian medical civilization are the main topics of medical history research. The results of the research are very rich [1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10,11,12,13,14], which includes both the analysis of the classical Confucian medicine and the exploration of the Confucian medicine group in a certain dynasty or region. This not only provides assistance to this article to recognize Confucian medicine, but also leaves room for exploring the historical changes of Confucian medicine and its social landscape. The academic community only analyzes the overall history of Confucian medicine, Guo Dianbin and others, and they believe that the Song Dynasty was the formation and development of Confucian medicine in true meaning.In the period, it briefly describes the historical evolution of Confucian medicine before the Song Dynasty, which gave this article a useless development, and left behind problems that need to be explored and clarified.
When did the modern Confucian medicine emerge in China, what changes did the population experience, what causes the face, characteristics, and causes of the development of different historical periods, and what impact it had on medicine, this article will discuss this.
1. Classification of modern doctors and analysis of Confucian doctors
The classification and naming methods that differ between modern Chinese doctors are divided into major doctors and Ming doctors in terms of the medical level and medical ethics of doctors. , Dehua Medicine, Good Medicine, Mediocre Medicine, Vulgar Medicine, etc.; in terms of medicine, it is divided into food medicine, disease medicine, schizophrenia, human phthalmology medicine, ophthalmology, lactating medicine, slaughter medicine, small medicine, and zodiac medicine; in terms of the civilization of doctors, it is divided into witch medicine, Taoist medicine, monk medicine, Confucian medicine, and popular medicine. This article focuses on the civilized landscape of doctors. Witch doctor, the witch who cures diseases, is the earliest doctor in modern China. They cause the disease to be caused by ghosts and gods. They treat diseases through witchcraft such as sympathy and elimination, and sometimes use medicines. Taoist medicine has a distinctive Taoist color, including feathers who are proficient in medicine, medical treatment and Taoist scholars who save people. When diagnosed with diseases, they not only use prescriptions, moxibustion and other methods, but also focus on taking, external elixir, internal elixir, guiding, talisman, etc., and their representatives include Ge Hong, Tao Hongjing, Yang Shangshan, Wang Bing, Wang Fengxin, etc. Monk doctor, 博官网 is also called a doctor monk, referring to monks who are good at medicine, curing diseases and saving lives. They use Buddhist principles to regulate medicine, which is different from other doctors in terms of medical ethics, medicine, diagnosis, prescriptions, etc., and their representatives include the branch Dharma storage and Dharma opening in Dongzhou, the monks and Taoist dynasties of the Song Dynasty, and the monks and Taoist dynasties of the Song Dynasty. Compared with witch doctors, Taoist doctors, monk doctors, and Confucian doctors, there are few civilizations outside of medicine. They are important to inherit medical skills through teachers or families. Most of them lack wealth and have few books to write. They are roughly specialized in one subject and cannot be able to be able to be able to be able to be able to be able to be able to be able to be able to be able to learn from various subjects; they do not pay attention to medical learning such as “Huangdi Neiju”, and the inherited medical skills cannot be as consistent as possible with ancient books. [1]46,67,101 In terms of historical development, it was roughly the main focus of the pre-Qin witch doctor. Before the Song Dynasty, Taoist medicine was prosperous. Since the beginning of the Song Dynasty, Confucian medicine gradually became the mainstream of medicine, especially during the Ming and Qing dynasties, whenever speaking medicine was called Confucian medicine.
The understanding of the concept of “Confucianism” is divided into meaning and broad meaning. The Confucian doctor in the simplicity refers to the origin of Confucianism.The doctor who treats diseases and saves people’s profession; the Confucian doctor in broad-minded, in addition to the Confucian doctor in his rank, also includes Confucian scholars who are well versed in medical knowledge but do not serve as the professional doctor in treating diseases and saving people’s profession. Which of the understandings is closer to the Confucian concepts of predecessors is what this article wants to analyze. “The Song Dynasty’s Essays” Huizong recited the order in the third year of Zhenghe (1113): “At the beginning of Jianshe, I wanted to gain Confucian medicine.” [15] 2795 This is the earliest source known as “Confucian medicine”. In the seventh year of Zhenghe (1117), a major minister reported: “I am impressed the court to establish medicine and teach the scholars, so that those who practice Confucianism can be proficient in Huangsu, diagnose and treat diseases with illness. It is very beneficial to treat diseases… As for the diagnosis of diseases, it is the basic point of learning and seeking talents.” [15] 2800 This is said that the Confucian medicine considered by the Song Dynasty court was a person who had Confucianism (disciplined medicine), was proficient in medicine (disciplined medicine), understood the diagnosis of diseases (disciplined medicine), and was engaged in the treatment of diseases (disciplined medicine). In addition, the original intention of the court to cultivate Confucian medicine was to “clinic diseases.” It can be seen that clinical disease is the main cause of Confucian medicine.
After the Northern Song Dynasty, “Confucian Medicine” was called “Confucian Medicine” in large numbers in the historical records, medical books, collections of poems, di TC:
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